In theory, yes electrical issues should show up right away if it let the smoke out of something, but that's not always the case. It may have weakened a component, but not killed it. Fortunately, most items are protected with fuses for overload, but not reverse power. I'm not sure if the ECMs have diodes to prevent damage for this scenario or not, but I would think GM anticipated something like this happening and put some safeguards in place.
I'd see if you can keep it for the weekend, have it inspected, and then drive it everywhere. Hit the freeway up to as fast as you normally go, do slow back roads, find some gravel roads with washboard bumps, etc. Give it a good test and shake down to see if any gremlins shown up. Actually........maybe do this first and then have it inspected, that way you can pass along anything you observe to the mechanic to look at.
As a side note, I bought the same year Denali from FL a few years back. Yours could be a real cream puff with that low of miles if there's no electrical gremlins from this.
I would follow the advice stated above plus some other additions:
1. Have them flush the trans before you buy it with the new fluid. I had the shudder issue caused by the fluid holding onto moisture. It was a ****** experience, but the new fluid has been perfect for over 100k now.
2. Shocks and struts should be fine, but as mentioned, it may be more of a dry-rot issue due to the heat and lack of use. Your mechanic can soap them up and look for cracks.
3. At the age you're at (not miles), I'd recommend new engine coolant. Service life is based off time, or miles, whichever comes first.
4. Engine lifters can't really be inspected, either they work, or make noise. I would recommend a RANGE Device, or custom tune to shut off AFM. I installed a RANGE in mine 110k miles ago and it's been great! Stick to 5k max for oil change intervals and you will have less likelihood of lifter issues - clean oil = happy sensitive parts.
5. The brake vacuum pump can fail on you. Ours failed at 45k. There is a new design in the TSB and I would push for it, or at least know what to expect when it needs to be replaced.