What's your budget? If you want to hear it while driving, an amp will be necessary. Does your head unit have amp pre outs? I've seen very cheap marine decks that don't have pre outs, making hooking up an amp more difficult. If it doesn't, I'd buy a cheap one with pre outs and be done with it. It'll make things much easier in the future.
The HU probably only puts out about 10W RMS, and that would explain why it distorts as soon as you turn it up enough to hear it. Without knowing speaker size, I can't recommend any replacement speakers. Assuming what you have isn't blown, you can replace them in the stock locations, then amp the ones you currently have in a different location in the boat.
For an amp, this will be a good start.
http://www.sonicelectronix.com/item_17758_MB-Quart-NAU-460.html
If you can find the speaker size, it'll make them easier to replace. For the additional speakers you want to add, depending on the location, you may be able to put whatever size you want. Ideally, you'll want 4 6.5s amp'd, and then a 10" or 12" sub. In a boat, speaker mounting can be pretty flexible, they can be flushed into panels, or mounted in boxes, basically any flat surface with adequate mounting depth can be used to mount up the speakers.
You could probably build a box for the sub to tuck it up under the dash or under some other location where it won't be in the way. The biggest thing is that you MUST secure the amp(s) and sub(s) very well, I don't know how your lake is, but I've had days on my boat where we've taken waves hard enough to break gauges out of their mounting holes in the dash. Having an unsecured sub box in a situation like that could be very dangerous, if the amp is poorly mounted it could break free and put stress on the wires. The last thing you want is your power and ground arcing because a wave knocked them free from the amp.