I came to the conclusion, that there is definitely a waterleak between the cylinder head and engine block on the passenger side. I'm not sure if there something wrong with the intake manifold gasket, didn't find anything here.
I could take a look in one of the cylinders on the passenger side with a endoscope and found no sign of water coming into the cylinder. Additionally I have made a test with one of those CO2 head gasket leak testers - also negative.
Is this a thing that the head gasket only leaks coolant outside the engine?
Bought a bottle of Bar's liquid copper now and give it a try. If that doesn't help, I guess I'll have to repalce the head gasket and that also includes repalceing the intake manifold gaskets ...