Yes, you could in theory, but you'd be venting all those oil vapors into the atmosphere & it won't pass visual smog if that's something you do. Either way...the catch can will a) keep the system closed, b) pass emissions, & c) keep all the oil from sludging up the top end.
You may throw an SES light with an open system...the computers may trip on the missing air. A catch can on a closed system gives the environmental benefits of a closed pcv without sludging up the top end. It allows you to remove contaminated vapors from the crankcase & collect it safely.
Basic definitions of closed vs open pcv systems...
Open PCV Systems
The open system draws fresh air though a vented oil filler cap. This works fine as long as the vapor volume is minimal and when the engine is running. However, when the crankcase vapor becomes excessive - or when the engine is shut off - it is forced back through the vented oil filler cap and into the open atmosphere. The open PCV system, though successful at removing contaminated vapors from the crankcase, is not completely effective as a pollution control device.
Closed PCV Systems
The closed PCV system draws fresh air from the air filter housing. The oil filler cap in this system is NOT vented. Consequently, excess vapor will be carried back to the air filter housing and from there into the intake manifold. The closed system prevents vapor, whether normal or excessive, from reaching the open atmosphere. The closed system is very effective as an air pollution control device.
Cameron