For most of my life I have seen people running premium in their run of the mill 8.5:1 compression engines, without knock sensors, variable valve timing, etc. And they swear the car runs better.
Well, maybe it did, but probably not from the increase in Octane. I usually happens that the premium fuels have detergents or other additives that make the engine run better. Or, maybe it is less ethanol.
The fact is that if the engine is not designed to take advantage of it, higher octane fuel is usually a waste. With the possible exception of very high head temperatures and intake air temperatures, like you might see in Death Valley. But, barring those conditions, you should not get better economy, power, or durability just because of the higher octane.
Also, the required octane for a given engine configuration goes down as altitude goes up. So, even if it is hot, climbing the pass to Eisenhower tunnel on I-70 in CO should not require high octane fuel, when you are climbing from say, 8,100 ft to 10,000 ft. But climbing from Stovepipe Wells to Townes Pass in Death Valley from -150 to 5,500 feet and starting at 122F? Yeah, you just might need premium. Funny thing is that the gas station at Stovepipe Wells doesn't sell Premium. Even though they charge like $5/gal for gas.
Anyway, times have changed. Now, many cars have sensors and controls that will actually take advantage of a higher octane fuel and will increase engine parameters, like timing advance, if the car has premium fuel.
The ECM will increase timing until the first indications of knock is heard and then no more. And this IS the right amount of knock. I really shouldn't call it knock because it is just a sub audible precursor. The best economy will be had right at that point and it will not hurt the engine at all.
How this works is that the further you increase timing, and compression (effective compression can be affected by valve timing, which is where variable valve timing comes into play) higher the combustion temperatures. When you have high combustion temperatures the fuel is more prone to pre-ignight, causing ping or knock, depending on how severe.
Octane is simply a rating of how resistant to pre-ignition a fuel is. It is not measure of how much energy there is. All gasoline should have roughly the same energy content (that insidious ethanol does decrease the energy content depending on the percentage, but it also increases the octane rating of the gasoline/ethanol mixture).
Therefore, if you have a higher octane fuel, you can run a higher effective compression ratio, and more ignition advance without pre-ignition, which increases fuel economy and power.
If your vehicle has the equipment to take advantage of the higher octane fuel, it will run better (more efficiently, with more power) when you run higher octane fuel.
If your engine does not have this capability, then the octane increase of premium will not improve how the engine runs (again, as far as power and efficiency goes)
Premium fuel can make a low compression engine run better in other respects due to other additives and potentially less ethanol, but not because it has higher Octane.
So, if you have a car that can take advantage of higher octane fuel them premium is RECOMMENDED.
If you have a car that cannot the advantage of higher octane then they will not even mention anything but regular.
However, if you have a vehicle with high compression, where you cannot sense knock with enough accuracy to catch just the barest starting of pre-ignition, or with enough ECU speed to process the signals, and ingnition mogule/ECM enough speed to slew the engine timing fast enough (read fully solid state ignition here as no distributor could react fast enough), then premium fuel will be REQUIRED.
For example, when the high compression North Star engine came out, premium was required. Then, after the engine controls, sensors, and ECM speed increased, with the same engine, GM changed it to premium recommended.
It's a good thing that premium is recommended in these vehicles. It give you more flexibility.
With all this said, I run premium in my Denali.
On a percentage basis, premium is deal compared the old days, where it could be 20% or more than regular.
The only real bad development in recent years is that the refiners are pretty much using 10% ethanol now in even premium.
Regards,
Kenric