There is no such thing as a "passing gear". What happens is when the throttle is actuated past a certain percentage then the transmission is commanded to downshift one lower gear than what is already at. On the highway you typically are in 4th gear (OD) and the tranny is commanded to downshift into 3rd, RPM's go up and tada, you have torque available for use (to speed up).
There is a very valuable clue in the OP's first post. "The scanner shows the throttle input only goes to 57% and no higher than that". That would explain why you dont get the downshift for passing. The reason you dont get above 57% is simple. The Accelerator Pedal Position(APP) "Sensor" which is just a potentiometer has a worn/dead spot in one of its elements which is only giving you a little over half (57%) travel reading output which is typically in the area of throttle position most used for highway/interstate driving so that spot on the potentiometer receives the most wear when a vehicle spends alot of time on the highways. The APP "sensor" and the throttle position sensor (TPS) on the throttle body have nothing functionally to do with one another but they are each part of the throttle system which also includes the TAC (Throttle Actuator Control) Module and the motor that drives the throttle blade on the throttle body. The APP inputs it signal in relation to accelerator position to the TAC Module. The TPS gives feedback as to the position of the throttle blade in the throttle body to the TAC Module. The Throttle Blade positioning motor is commanded by the TAC Module to got a 0-100% angle based on input of the APP to the TAC Module.
Now if the TPS signal and the commanded Throttle Blade Position do not agree then you get "Reduced Engine Power" on IC and tada Limp Mode. The 2 common causes of this is a dead/worn out spot on the TPS and/or break in the wire (not necessarily the insulation) of the wiring harness going to the TPS. That is why replacements typically come with a new plug and 12" of pigtail with butt splices (which I do not recommend ever using on an automobile)....SOLDER THAT WIRE SPLICE!
Bad APP sensor should not ever cause a "reduced engine power" or limp mode. The TAC Module doesnt know that you should have more than 57% travel of your APP. As far as it knows, you are just cruising at 57% throttle and it is just fine with that.
If you really have gremlins then it is possible that the voltage is low enough to the APP so its output voltage can never go above what the TAC Module interprets as 57% throttle. But If I were not able to check voltages I would just shotgun this one with a new APP or Pedal Assembly if you cant get the APP separate.
If you are really interested in seeing more about this system and a vehicle specific example of real world voltages then have a read here :
https://www.lsenginediy.com/gm-gen-iii-ls-pcmecm-electronic-throttle-equipment-guide/