I understand it wont tell me what parts broke, but IF parts are broke in the transmission wouldn’t it throw codes or at least say something in the trans isn’t working? Wouldn’t it say SOMETHING regarding it? BTW the transfer case is non electronic so the only “node” as far as the drivetrain goes is what is available through the TCM.
If the solenoids, speed sensors or IMS (09+) develop a fault or the PCM and/or TCM "senses" a voltage anomaly in one or more of transmission internal electrical components, it will throw a code. It will also throw a code if the transmission fluid temp sensor ceased working properly (pressure switch manifold assy for 93-08; harness for 09+).
You may also see a gear ratio error code if applied elements cease to work properly as well but it's not common to see in the longitudional 4 speed transmissions.
But hard part failure (shaft breakage, sun shell, sprag, gear train, pump failure) usually wont throw a code since the PCM has no way to monitor or isnt programmed to "see" it, especially the non-TSS 4L60Es...